THE STUDENTS ARE VERY EXCITED TO BE HAVING A LITTLE BASH AND TO BE GIFTING THEIR BUDDIES ON THIS SPECIAL DAY. WE, THE 5A HOMEROOM MOMS, ARE ASKING FOR A SMALL CANDY BAG DONATION SO THAT WE MAY BE ABLE FILL THEIR BUDDIES’ CANDY BAGS. THANK YOU FOR YO
Science: Chapter 10 Lesson 1 What Makes Up Matter I will know that all things are made of very small particles called atoms and molecules, which cannot be seen without magnifying instruments. matter: is anything that has mass and takes up space -all living and nonliving things are made of matter -all matter is made up of smaller parts called elements elements: are the ingredients that make up all things -elements cannot be broken down into other substances by using physical or chemical processes -there are over 100 known elements, and are listed on the Periodic Table -each element has unique characteristics, and react uniquely with other elements Metals -most elements are classified as metals -metals are good conductors of electricity and heat -can be shaped into sheets or wires without breaking -most metals are solids and are grayish in color examples of metals: calcium: can be found in foods and are important for developing strong bones, but in its pure form is a metal aluminum: is light and strong, used for many things such as ladders, cars, airplane parts, and many more items mercury: a liquid form of metal, used in thermometers and light-bulbs, but is toxic to living things Nonmetals and Semimetals nonmetals: elements that do not conduct heat or electricity very well -sulfur is an example of a solid nonmetal, also a mineral, it is brittle and burns easily, used in matches -some nonmetals are gases like oxygen or hydrogen semimetals: are elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals -silicon is a semimetal that can be taken from sand, and is used often in computer chips used in many electronic devices Noble Gases: elements that are gases that usually do not combine with other elements -an example is neon used in glowing signs Atoms atoms: smallest part of an element that still has properties of an element -too small to be seen with a microscope, can only be seen with powerful magnifying devices -all atoms are made up of a combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons -each element has atoms that have a unique combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons -the number of protons in an atom determines what type of element it will be -each known element can be identified by the number of protons in its atom -all elements and matter are made of atoms atomic theory: idea that everything is made of particles of atoms atomic arrangement: how atoms are connected to other atoms in and element -how they connect effects the properties of an element -carbon atoms connected as flat sheet are soft and black, but carbon atoms connected as pyramids form diamonds that are transparent and very strong Compounds -most matter is made up of a compound compound: matter that is made up of two or more elements molecule: smallest particle of a compound that still has the same properties as the compound -changing the number, kind, or position of the atoms in a molecule will form a different compound, or substance example: table salt is a combination of sodium and chlorine chlorine: is a poisonous gas sodium: is a gray soft metal that can be cut with a knife -but when chlorine and sodium are combined the have a strong reaction to each other -together they form table salt a white solid that is not poisonous
Lesson 2 How Can Matter Be Described I will know how to compare and contrast solids, liquids, and gases by using their basic properties. Color: -most solids and liquids have color, and some gases -color is a physical property physical properties: properties that can be observed, described, and measured without changing the material -color can help you identify kinds of matter, or the state of that matter Mass: mass: amount of matter in a solid, liquid, or gas -measured using a balance and units of grams or kilograms -weight and mass are different, weight of an object measures the force of gravity on an object -weight changes with amount of gravity, but mass remains constant Volume: volume: amount of space an object takes up -volume is often measured in milliliters (mL) -graduated cylinder can be used to measure volume of liquids and solids Temperature: temperature: measurement of how fast an objects particles are moving -higher the temperature the faster the particles are moving producing heat -temperature can be measured in degrees of Celsius or Fahrenheit Texture: texture: is the surface structure that you feel by touching a material and/or object -solids can be hard, smooth, lumpy, grooved, spongy, or rough -liquids can be soapy, oily, slimy, sticky, or thick
Lesson 3 What are solids, liquids, and gases? I will know some basic properties of solids, liquids, and gases. -solid, liquid, and gas are most familiar states of matter -the states of matter are due to the motion and arrangement of the molecules or atoms solid: a substance that has a definite shape and volume -particles of a solid are densely (closely) together and do not slide past each other, simply vibrate liquid: a substance that has a definite volume but no definite shape -particles can move by sliding past each other -can take the shape of its container -forces hold the particles together which maintains its volume gases: a substance without a definite volume or shape -particles are further apart than a liquid -a gas can be squeezed into a smaller volume -if gas is placed into empty container particles will spread out evenly and fill the shape of the container plasmas: atoms that break down into parts that hold an electric charge usually at a high temperature -similar to a gas it has no definite shape or volume freezing point: when a liquid turns into a solid melting point: when a solid turns into a liquid -so melting point and freezing point are the same temperature -freezing and melting points are different for different materials evaporation: when particles leave a liquid and become a gas -occurs when particles at the surface move upward with enough speed -if a liquid is heated high enough evaporation can happen throughout the entire liquid not just at the surface boiling point: temperature at which gas particles move upward quickly through the liquid forming bubbles at the surface condensation: when a gas turns into a liquid -happens when gas particles cool and slow down
Lesson 4 What are Mixtures and Solutions I will know properties of solutions and that mixtures can be separated based on properties of their parts. mixture: different materials are place together (mixed), but each material keeps its own properties -parts of a mixture can be separated -they can be separated because of their physical properties solution: mixture in which substances are spread out evenly and will not settle solute: substance that is dissolved solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved into -water is often called the “universal solvent” because it can dissolve many substances -when a solid dissolves individual particles separate and spread evenly into the liquid -solids can be dissolved faster by stirring, heating, or grinding up prior to combining -two liquids can also be combined to create a solution -gas can also dissolve in a liquid solubility: how well a substance can be dissolved into a liquid -different substances have different solubility in solvents
Lesson 5 How Does Matter Change I will know that many physical changes are affected by temperature. I will know that many chemical changes are affected by temperature. physical change: a change in some properties of matter without forming a different kind of matter -physical changes can happen more easily or less easily due to temperature -melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation are all physical changes chemical change: one or more types of matter change into other types of matter with different properties -to form a new substance a chemical change must occur -atoms rearrange themselves creating a new kind of matter -evidence of a chemical change may include: release of heat and light, change in color, a new smell, gas bubbles, or formation of a solid -chemical reactions usually happen faster at higher temperatures -at higher temperatures particles move faster providing more opportunities for the particles to rearrange into a new substance -chemical reactions usually happen slower at colder temperatures -at colder temperatures particles move slower providing less opportunities for the particles to rearrange into a new substance